Yahya D\u00fczenli
\nduzenliyahya@gmail.com<\/p>\n
Bir \u015fehrin tarih i\u00e7inde ge\u00e7irdi\u011fi d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f\u00fcmler, insan-mek\u00e2n-\u015fehir ili\u015fkisinin medeniyet tecellig\u00e2h\u0131olarak mek\u00e2na aksetti\u011fi \u015fekliyle m\u00e2n\u00e2s\u0131n\u0131n okunaca\u011f\u0131 en \u00f6nemli tarih\u00ee metin-lerden birisi de vakfiyelerdir. Bunlar; vakf\u0131n kurucusu taraf\u0131ndan\u201cvakfedilen bir mal\u0131n hangi hay\u0131r i\u015flerinde kullan\u0131laca\u011f\u0131, ne \u015fekilde y\u00f6netilece\u011fi”hususlar\u0131n\u0131 ihtiva eden \u2018em-salsiz kitabe\u2019ler niteli\u011findeki belgelerdir.<\/p>\n
Gerek Kur\u2019an-\u0131 Ker\u00eem\u2019deki \u00e2yetler, gerekse de Hz. Peygamber\u2019in “\u0130nsan \u00f6ld\u00fc\u011f\u00fc zaman amelleri kesilir. Ancak \u00fc\u00e7 \u015fey m\u00fcstesna\u201d dedi\u011fi \u00fc\u00e7 \u015feyden birisi olan \u201cSadaka-i Cariye\u201d, vak\u0131f m\u00fcessesesinin olu\u015fmas\u0131n\u0131n ve s\u00fcreklili\u011finin temel sebebidir. Yani insanlar\u0131n menkul ve gayrimenkullerini hayrat olarak vakfetmelerinin sebebi; d\u00fcnyan\u0131n f\u00e2nili\u011fi, insan hayat\u0131n\u0131n ge\u00e7icili\u011fi ve sadaka-i c\u00e2riye olarak \u00f6l\u00fcmden sonra da ya\u015fama iste\u011fidir.<\/p>\n
Tarihte, \u015fah\u0131slarca kurulan vak\u0131flar\u0131n \u015fehirlerimizin hem fizik\u00ee hem de sosyal dokusuna olan katk\u0131lar\u0131, \u015fehirlerimizin bozulmadan devaml\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n temel sebeplerinden birisidir. <\/p>\n
T\u00fcrklerin \u0130sl\u00e2m\u2019\u0131 kabul\u00fcyle birlikte, vak\u0131f uygulamalar\u0131n\u0131 da g\u00f6r\u00fcyoruz. Karahanl\u0131 H\u00fc-k\u00fcmdar\u0131 \u0130br\u00e2himTamga\u00e7\u2019\u0131n 1066\u2019da Semerkant\u2019ta yapt\u0131rd\u0131\u011f\u0131 k\u00fclliyenin devaml\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131 i\u00e7in kurdu\u011fu vak\u0131flara ait vakfiyeler, bu konuda ilk \u00f6rneklerdendir. Sel\u00e7uklu ve \u00f6zellikle Os-manl\u0131 d\u00f6neminde de bu uygulamalar yayg\u0131nla\u015farak devam etmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n
\u00d6zellikle Osmanl\u0131 \u015fehirlerinin kurulu\u015fu, i\u015fleyi\u015fi ve varl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 devam ettirmesinde vak\u0131flar \u00f6nemli rol \u00fcstlenmi\u015flerdir. \u015eehri meydana getiren bir\u00e7ok mek\u00e2n, vak\u0131f eseri olarak v\u00fccut bulmu\u015ftur. Vak\u0131flar\u0131n b\u00fcnyesinde ibadethaneler, imarethaneler, hastaneler, a\u015fevleri ve \u015fehir ahalisinin her t\u00fcrl\u00fc ihtiyac\u0131n\u0131 kar\u015f\u0131layan kurumlar bulunuyordu. Vak\u0131flar\u0131n kuruldu\u011fu tarihten itibaren devaml\u0131l\u0131k arz etmesi, nesilden nesile intikal etmesi ve dokunulmaz niteli\u011finin bulunmas\u0131 da bu m\u00fcessesenin s\u00fcrd\u00fcr\u00fclebilirli\u011finin temel \u015fartlar\u0131 olmu\u015ftur. <\/p>\n
\u0130stanbul\u2019un fethiyle birlikte \u015fehrin imar\u0131 i\u00e7in Fatih Sultan Mehmet bizzat kendisi vak\u0131f kurmi\u015f ve Fatih K\u00fclliyesi\u2019nin in\u015fas\u0131na ba\u015flam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. K\u00fclliyenin me\u015fhur vakfiyesinde \u0130stan-bul\u2019un imar\u0131ndaki temel idraki ve b\u00fct\u00fcn Osmanl\u0131 \u015fehirlerinin kurulu\u015f felsefesini ortaya koyan \u015fu beyti g\u00f6r\u00fcyoruz: <\/p>\n
\u201cH\u00fcner bir \u015fehir b\u00fcny\u00e2ditmekd\u00fcr
\nReaya kalbin ab\u00e2ditmekd\u00fcr\u201d<\/p>\n
\u0130stanbul\u2019un fethinden 8 y\u0131l sonra 24 Ekim 1461\u2019de Fatih Sultan Mehmed taraf\u0131ndan Os-manl\u0131 medeniyet co\u011frafyas\u0131na en do\u011fudaki m\u00fczeyyen \u015fehir olarak kat\u0131lan Trabzon’da fetihle birlikte yo\u011fun imar faaliyetleri ba\u015flar. Bu faaliyetlerde Trabzon\u2019da kurulan Vak\u0131f-lar\u0131n her alanda \u00f6nemli katk\u0131lar\u0131 vard\u0131r.<\/p>\n
Trabzon Vak\u0131flar\u0131yla ilgili bug\u00fcne kadar derli toplu bir \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma yap\u0131lmam\u0131\u015f, sadece 1948 y\u0131l\u0131nda Trabzon Vak\u0131flar M\u00fcd\u00fcr\u00fc Mehmet Kurnaz taraf\u0131ndan \u201cTrabzon\u2019da 35 Vakfa ait notlar\u201d ba\u015fl\u0131\u011f\u0131yla k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck ama \u00f6nemli bir eser yay\u0131nlanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n
Ne yaz\u0131k ki, bug\u00fcne kadar ne Vak\u0131flar Genel M\u00fcd\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc, ne \u015fehrin \u00dcniversitesi ne de ilgili kurumlar Trabzon Vak\u0131flar\u0131\u2019yla ilgili hi\u00e7bir \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma yapmam\u0131\u015flard\u0131r. Bu nedenle, Trabzon\u2019u medeniyet \u015fehri haline getiren bu temel m\u00fcessesenin \u015fehrin her bir karesine sinmi\u015f ruhu anla\u015f\u0131lamam\u0131\u015f, hissedilememi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n
Nihayet bu b\u00fcy\u00fck noksanl\u0131k giderilmi\u015f; \u015fehir tarihi a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan \u00e7ok \u00f6nemli bir kaynak olan Trabzon Vak\u0131flar\u0131 ile ilgili ilk defa eksiksiz bir \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma kitapolarak yay\u0131nlanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n
Uzun y\u0131llar Vak\u0131flar Genel M\u00fcd\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc b\u00fcnyesinde \u00e7e\u015fitli g\u00f6revlerde bulunan ve en son Genel M\u00fcd\u00fcr Yard\u0131mc\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131 yapm\u0131\u015f olan Trabzon\/\u00c7aykara\u2019l\u0131 dostumuz S\u00fcleyman Din\u00e7\u2019in haz\u0131rlad\u0131\u011f\u0131, \u201cFetihten G\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fcze Trabzon Vak\u0131flar\u0131\u201d adl\u0131 hacimli kitap \u0130stanbul Ayd\u0131n \u00dcniversitesi taraf\u0131ndan yay\u0131mland\u0131. Din\u00e7 bu kitab\u0131n yan\u0131nda ayr\u0131ca \u201cGe\u00e7mi\u015ften G\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fc-ze Rize Vak\u0131flar\u0131\u201d ad\u0131yla bir ba\u015fka \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmas\u0131n\u0131 da ilgililerin istifadesine sundu. Bu, kaynak niteli\u011findeki eserlerden ilgili kurum ve \u015fah\u0131slar\u0131n faydalanaca\u011f\u0131n\u0131 \u00fcmit ediyoruz. <\/p>\n
Din\u00e7, kitab\u0131n \u00f6ns\u00f6z\u00fcnde, \u00e7al\u0131\u015fman\u0131n amac\u0131n\u0131 \u201cFetihten ba\u015flayarak g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fcze kadar Trabzon\u2019da kurulan vak\u0131flar hakk\u0131nda fikir vermek, vak\u0131f kurucular\u0131n\u0131 hay\u0131rla y\u00e2d etmek ve bu m\u00fcesseselere sahip \u00e7\u0131kmak\u201d olarak a\u00e7\u0131kl\u0131yor. <\/p>\n
Din\u00e7, Trabzon’da 1531 y\u0131l\u0131nda kurulan ilk vak\u0131ftan g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fcze kadar kurulmu\u015f toplam 1.245 adet vak\u0131f hakk\u0131nda k\u00fcnyelerini, bir\u00e7oklar\u0131n\u0131n da ayr\u0131nt\u0131l\u0131 vakfiyelerini i\u00e7erecek bi\u00e7imde bilgiler vermekte; ayr\u0131ca bug\u00fcnk\u00fc il\u00e7elere g\u00f6re \u201cVakf\u0131n Ad\u0131, Vakfeden, Vakf\u0131n kuruldu\u011fu yer, N\u00e2m-\u0131 di\u011fer, L\u00e2kab\u0131, Vakfiye tarihi, Vakfedilen mal, Vakfiyenin kay\u0131tl\u0131 oldu\u011fu defter, VGM Ar\u015fivinde bulunan belgeler ve Vakf\u0131n T\u00fcr\u00fc\u201d ba\u015fl\u0131klar\u0131 alt\u0131nda tasnif etmektedir. S\u00f6zkonusu 1.245 vakf\u0131n 1.035 tanesi fetih y\u0131l\u0131 1461\u2019den 1926\u2019ya kadar, 135 tanesi 1926-1967 aras\u0131nda, 75 tanesi de 1967\u2019den g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fcze kadar kurulmu\u015ftur.<\/p>\n
Eserdeki vakfiyelerden sadece bir \u00f6rnek verelim. Fetihten sonra 1531 y\u0131l\u0131nda Trabzon\u2019da ilk Vak\u0131f olan Trabzon Beylerbeyi \u0130skender Pa\u015fa\u2019n\u0131n kurdu\u011fu \u201c\u0130skender Pa\u015fa bin Mustafa Bey\u201d Vakf\u0131n\u0131n vakfiyesi Allah\u00fcAzim\u00fc\u015f\u015fan\u2019aHamd-\u00fc Sena, Hz. Peygamber ve ashab-\u0131 ki-rama sal\u00e2t ve sel\u00e2m ile ba\u015fl\u0131yor ve \u015fu ibarelere yer veriyor: Muhakkak d\u00fcnya meserret kararg\u00e2h\u0131 de\u011fil, aldat\u0131c\u0131 bir yer ve ka\u00e7\u0131lacak bir mahal olup, karar k\u0131lacak yer de\u011fildir. Nimetleri zevale m\u00e2ruz ve i\u00e7inde oturanlar g\u00f6\u00e7\u00fcc\u00fc misafirlerdir. Fevz ve necat sahiple-ri d\u00fcnyay\u0131 kendileri i\u00e7in az\u0131k edinenlerdir ve ihtiya\u00e7 zaman\u0131 i\u00e7in az\u0131k iddiahan (?) ve infak edenlerdir. Vak\u0131f dahi bir hasenedir. Faideleri sa\u011fl\u0131k ve \u00f6l\u00fcm hallerinde yenilenir nitekim Seyyidimiz ve Peygamberimiz S.A.V. hadis-i \u015ferifile sadaka-i cariyeye te\u015fvik buyurmu\u015ftur.\u201d
\nDevamla\u201cCenab-\u0131 Hak dahi b\u00fcy\u00fck emirlerin emiri fukara ve yetimlerin yard\u0131mc\u0131s\u0131 hay-rat ve hasenat sahibi; ulema, suleha ve sadat\u0131n muhibbi Mustafa Bey o\u011flu Hazret-i \u0130skender Pa\u015fa\u2019y\u0131 tevfik\u0131na mazhar k\u0131l\u0131nca fukaraya hay\u0131rl\u0131 yard\u0131m\u0131, ulema ve sulehaya izzet \u00fc ikram\u0131 hasebiyle \u00e7ok\u00e7a ecir ile m\u00fckafat buyursun. \u0130nsan yedi\u011fini t\u00fcketmi\u015f, giy-di\u011fini eskitmi\u015f, tasadduk etti\u011fini ibka etmi\u015f oldu\u011funu anlad\u0131 da kalb-i sel\u00eem\u2019den maada mal ve evl\u00e2d\u0131n faide menfaat vermedi\u011fi k\u0131yamet g\u00fcn\u00fcnde az\u00eem olan Cenab-\u0131 Hakk\u2019\u0131n sevab\u0131n\u0131 talep ve el\u00eem olan azab\u0131ndan ka\u00e7\u0131narak bu vak\u0131flar\u0131n suduruna kadar elinden ve taht-\u0131 tasarrufunda ve havza-i temell\u00fck\u00fcnde bulunan halis ve safi emvalini niyet-i halisa ve taviyyet-i safiye ile vak\u0131f ve habs ve tebid ve tasadduk eyledi. \u201cizahlar\u0131yla Vakfetti\u011fi \u015feyleri ayr\u0131nt\u0131s\u0131yla belirtir. \u0130skender Pa\u015fa\u2019n\u0131n Vakfetti\u011fi eserler aras\u0131nda 2 hamam\u0131n tamam\u0131, mahzenler, d\u00fckk\u00e2nlar, hanlar, menziller, mezralar, de\u011firmeler, camiler, medreseler, ba\u011f ve bah\u00e7eler, medresede okuyanlar\u0131n t\u00fcm ihtiya\u00e7lar\u0131 vard\u0131r.
\nVakfiyenin sonunda\u201cBinaenaleyh evkaf-\u0131 mezkurebir vakf\u0131 (?) laz\u0131m oldu, sat\u0131lamaz, rehin verilemez ve al\u0131namaz, hibe edilemez varislerinin hay\u0131rl\u0131s\u0131 olan, Cenab-\u0131 Hak k\u00fcre-i arza ve \u00fczerindekilere varis oldu\u011fu tezah\u00fcr edinceye kadar kimseye miras kalamaz. Vak\u0131f\u0131n ecir ve sevab\u0131 hayy\u00fc M\u00fcbin s\u0131fatlar\u0131yla muttas\u0131f olan Cenab-\u0131 Hakk\u2019a aittir. Bunlar\u0131 duyduktan sonra her kim tebdil ederse vizr \u00fc vebal tebdil edenlere aittir.\u201d\u015eeklinde sorumluluk gerektiren bir vebal vard\u0131r.
\nBu vakfiyeden de g\u00f6r\u00fcld\u00fc\u011f\u00fc gibi vak\u0131flar; medeniyet tasavvurumuzun bizlere emanet kalan eserler \u00fczerinden okunmas\u0131na dair \u00f6nemli m\u00fcesseselerdir. <\/p>\n
Ar\u015fivlerimizde h\u00e2l\u00e2 incelenmemi\u015f, \u00fczerinde \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131lmam\u0131\u015f bu nitelikte milyonlarca belge bulunmakta, ama ne yaz\u0131k ki gereken ilgiyi g\u00f6rememektedir. <\/p>\n
\u00d6ncelikle Vak\u0131flar Genel M\u00fcd\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc\u2019n\u00fcn yapmas\u0131 gereken, ar\u015fivlerdeki Osmanl\u0131 d\u00f6nemine ait b\u00fct\u00fcn vakfiyeleri g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fcz diline aktarmas\u0131d\u0131r. B\u00f6ylece medeniyet d\u00fcnyam\u0131z\u0131n bu \u00f6nemli metinlerinden bug\u00fcnk\u00fc nesiller haberdar olur ve istifa ederler. Ancak, ne siyas\u00eelerde ne de b\u00fcrokratlarda b\u00f6ylesine bir tarih\u00ee vak\u0131f ve \u015fehir idrakinin olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 mevcut durumdan anla\u015f\u0131l\u0131yor. Onun i\u00e7in de g\u00f6revlilerin yapmad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 \u201cmerakl\u0131\u201dlar ve \u015fehrine kar\u015f\u0131 \u201cmensubiyet mes\u2019uliyeti do\u011furur\u201d sorumlulu\u011funu ta\u015f\u0131yanlar yap\u0131yor.<\/p>\n
Dostumuz S\u00fcleyman Din\u00e7\u2019i ve eseri yay\u0131nlanan \u0130stanbul Ayd\u0131n \u00dcniversitesi\u2019ni Trabzon ve \u00fclke irfan hayat\u0131na kazand\u0131rd\u0131\u011f\u0131 bu \u00f6nemli eserden dolay\u0131 tebrik ediyor, yeni \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar bekliyoruz.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"
Yahya D\u00fczenli duzenliyahya@gmail.com Bir \u015fehrin tarih i\u00e7inde ge\u00e7irdi\u011fi d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f\u00fcmler, insan-mek\u00e2n-\u015fehir ili\u015fkisinin medeniyet tecellig\u00e2h\u0131olarak mek\u00e2na aksetti\u011fi \u015fekliyle m\u00e2n\u00e2s\u0131n\u0131n okunaca\u011f\u0131 en \u00f6nemli tarih\u00ee metin-lerden birisi de vakfiyelerdir. Bunlar; vakf\u0131n kurucusu taraf\u0131ndan\u201cvakfedilen bir mal\u0131n hangi hay\u0131r i\u015flerinde kullan\u0131laca\u011f\u0131, ne \u015fekilde y\u00f6netilece\u011fi”hususlar\u0131n\u0131 ihtiva eden \u2018em-salsiz kitabe\u2019ler niteli\u011findeki belgelerdir. Gerek Kur\u2019an-\u0131 Ker\u00eem\u2019deki \u00e2yetler, gerekse de Hz. Peygamber\u2019in “\u0130nsan \u00f6ld\u00fc\u011f\u00fc zaman …<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":3,"featured_media":48521,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"om_disable_all_campaigns":false,"_themeisle_gutenberg_block_has_review":false,"_joinchat":[],"footnotes":""},"categories":[38,50,43],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-3605","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","","category-guncel","category-yahya","category-yazarlar"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/akincilardergisi.com\/tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/3605","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/akincilardergisi.com\/tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/akincilardergisi.com\/tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/akincilardergisi.com\/tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/3"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/akincilardergisi.com\/tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=3605"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/akincilardergisi.com\/tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/3605\/revisions"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/akincilardergisi.com\/tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/48521"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/akincilardergisi.com\/tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=3605"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/akincilardergisi.com\/tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=3605"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/akincilardergisi.com\/tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=3605"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}