{"id":13593,"date":"2016-07-04T05:17:49","date_gmt":"2016-07-04T02:17:49","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/akincilardergisi.com\/dergi\/?p=13593"},"modified":"2024-02-22T23:16:24","modified_gmt":"2024-02-22T20:16:24","slug":"buyuk-oyun-osmanlinin-yikilmasina-karar-verenler","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/akincilardergisi.com\/tr\/buyuk-oyun-osmanlinin-yikilmasina-karar-verenler\/","title":{"rendered":"B\u00dcY\u00dcK OYUN, OSMANLININ YIKILMASINA KARAR VERENLER"},"content":{"rendered":"<div>T\u00fcrkiye\u2019de hakk\u0131nda \u00e7ok az \u015fey bilinen William Ewart Gladstone \u00fczerine yap\u0131lm\u0131\u015f tek ve detayl\u0131 bir ara\u015ft\u0131rma. Gladstone kim derseniz, cevab\u0131 \u00e7ok uzun olacak \u00e7\u00fcnk\u00fc \u0130ngiltere ba\u015fbakan\u0131 olan Gladstone 19. Y\u00fczy\u0131l boyunca Osmanl\u0131\u2019n\u0131n her probleminin arkaplan\u0131na bakt\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131z zaman kar\u015f\u0131n\u0131za \u00e7\u0131kan ya\u015fad\u0131\u011f\u0131 y\u00fczy\u0131l\u0131n en etkili politikac\u0131lar\u0131ndan biri. Avrupa\u2019da, K\u0131r\u0131m\u2019da, Bulgaristan\u2019da, M\u0131s\u0131r\u2019da, S\u00fcvey\u015f Kanal\u0131 projesinde, Ermeni Sorunu\u2019nda hatta Anadolu\u2019daki ayaklanmalarda dahi kar\u015f\u0131m\u0131za \u00e7\u0131k\u0131yor. Prof. Dr. Taha Niyazi Karaca ile Gladstone\u2019un yeti\u015fme s\u00fcrecini, T\u00fcrk d\u00fc\u015fmanl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131, ha\u00e7l\u0131 fikirlerinin arkaplan\u0131n\u0131 konu\u015ftuk. \u2022William Ewart Gladstone\u2019un \u00e7ocuklu\u011fundan beri sahip oldu\u011fu T\u00fcrk d\u00fc\u015fmanl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n tohumlar\u0131 nas\u0131l at\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131? Gladstone\u2019un T\u00fcrk d\u00fc\u015fman\u0131 olmas\u0131n\u0131n temelinde birka\u00e7 etken vard\u0131r. \u0130lki, koyu Evanjelik bir ailede yeti\u015fmesi; ikincisi, T\u00fcrklerle M\u00fcsl\u00fcmanl\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u00f6zde\u015fle\u015ftirmesi ve temelde M\u00fcsl\u00fcmanl\u0131\u011fa kar\u015f\u0131 duydu\u011fu antipati; \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcnc\u00fc ve \u00e7ok \u00f6nemli neden ise, 19. Y\u00fczy\u0131lda b\u00fct\u00fcn Avrupa\u2019y\u0131 kaplayan Yeni Helenizm d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncesi. Yeni Helenizm, H\u0131ristiyanl\u0131\u011f\u0131n ve Avrupa medeniyetinin temelinde Yunan k\u00fclt\u00fcr\u00fcn\u00fcn bulunmas\u0131 ve Yunan k\u00fclt\u00fcr\u00fcn\u00fc yok eden g\u00fcc\u00fcn ise T\u00fcrkler oldu\u011fu d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncesiydi. Okullarda yo\u011fun olarak bu e\u011fitim veriliyordu. Bu nedenle 19. Y\u00fczy\u0131l ba\u015flar\u0131nda yeti\u015fen Avrupal\u0131 ayd\u0131nlar\u0131n bir\u00e7o\u011fu ald\u0131klar\u0131 bu etkiyle kolayl\u0131kla T\u00fcrk d\u00fc\u015fman\u0131 oluyorlard\u0131. G\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fcze kadar hala devam eden Yeni Helenizm ak\u0131m\u0131, sadece H\u0131ristiyanlar\u0131 de\u011fil ayn\u0131 zamanda M\u00fcsl\u00fcmanlar\u0131 da etkilemi\u015fti. Bir\u00e7ok Osmanl\u0131 ayd\u0131n\u0131 bu ak\u0131m\u0131n etkisiyle kendi k\u00fclt\u00fcr ve kimli\u011fine d\u00fc\u015fman hale gelmi\u015fti. \u2022M\u00fcsl\u00fcmanl\u0131k ve T\u00fcrkler konusunda sahip oldu\u011fu hangi bilgiler ya da etkisinde kald\u0131\u011f\u0131 hangi ki\u015filer, onun \u2018Kuran-\u0131 Kerim olmasayd\u0131 Avrupa\u2019da bar\u0131\u015f sa\u011flan\u0131rd\u0131\u2019 dedirtecek kadar yo\u011fun d\u00fc\u015fmanl\u0131k duygular\u0131na sahip olmas\u0131na vesile olmu\u015ftu? Gladstone, gen\u00e7li\u011finden itibaren Osmanl\u0131lar\u0131 dolay\u0131s\u0131yla T\u00fcrkleri, H\u0131ristiyan d\u00fcnyaya ve kutsal yerlere h\u00fckmeden barbarlar olarak g\u00f6r\u00fcyordu. Kendisinde bu d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnceler olu\u015ftu\u011funda hi\u00e7bir M\u00fcsl\u00fcman T\u00fcrk ile kar\u015f\u0131la\u015fmam\u0131\u015ft\u0131. \u0130lk kez 1858 y\u0131l\u0131nda Arnavutluk\u2019ta bir T\u00fcrk ile kar\u015f\u0131la\u015fm\u0131\u015f, bu kar\u015f\u0131la\u015fmay\u0131 ho\u015f olmayan bir \u015fekilde de\u011ferlendirilmi\u015ftir. D\u00fcnyaya H\u0131ristiyanl\u0131\u011f\u0131n yay\u0131lmas\u0131 gerekti\u011fine inan\u0131yordu. Bu inanc\u0131na kar\u015f\u0131 en b\u00fcy\u00fck engelin M\u00fcsl\u00fcman T\u00fcrklerin yani Osmanl\u0131lar oldu\u011funa inan\u0131yordu. Bu nedenle \u00f6nce Osmanl\u0131 Devleti\u2019ni yok etmesi gerekliydi. Bunu sa\u011flamak i\u00e7in \u00f6nce Osmanl\u0131 Devleti i\u00e7indeki az\u0131nl\u0131klar\u0131 k\u0131\u015fk\u0131rtarak, mikro milliyet\u00e7ilik hareketlerini destekledi. Daha sonra da kendisi m\u00fcdahale ederek kar\u0131\u015f\u0131kl\u0131k \u00e7\u0131kan b\u00f6lgelerin ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131z olmas\u0131n\u0131 sa\u011flad\u0131. Kuran-\u0131 Kerim\u2019e olan d\u00fc\u015fmanl\u0131\u011f\u0131 bu politikas\u0131nda b\u00fct\u00fcn H\u0131ristiyan devletleri kendi etraf\u0131nda toplamak, yani di\u011ferleriyle hedef birli\u011fi yapmak i\u00e7in s\u00f6ylenmi\u015fti. Bireysel olarak Gladstone, kendisini M\u00fcsl\u00fcmanlara ve Kuran-\u0131 Kerim\u2019e kar\u015f\u0131 sava\u015fan bir Ha\u00e7l\u0131 Sava\u015f\u00e7\u0131s\u0131 olarak g\u00f6r\u00fcyordu. \u2022\u015eimdiye kadar T\u00fcrkler i\u00e7in bir soru i\u015faretinden ibaret olan bu \u015fahsiyetin T\u00fcrk d\u00fcnyas\u0131nda yank\u0131lar\u0131 uzun y\u0131llar hissedilecek etkileri neler olmu\u015ftur? Her ne kadar g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fczde T\u00fcrkler nas\u0131l olu\u015ftu\u011funu bilmeseler de, Avrupa\u2019da koyu bir T\u00fcrk antipatisi ve d\u00fc\u015fmanl\u0131\u011f\u0131 ile kar\u015f\u0131la\u015fmaktad\u0131rlar. Bu d\u00fc\u015fmanl\u0131k duygular\u0131n\u0131 Avrupa\u2019da ortaya \u00e7\u0131karan ve \u015fekillendiren \u015fah\u0131s Gladstone\u2019dur. Siyasette bulundu\u011fu uzun d\u00f6nem boyunca; T\u00fcrklerin kan d\u00f6k\u00fcc\u00fc katiller olduklar\u0131n\u0131, M\u00fcsl\u00fcmanl\u0131\u011f\u0131n da kan d\u00f6kmeyi emretti\u011fini propagandalar\u0131n\u0131n temeli yapt\u0131. M\u00fcsl\u00fcman T\u00fcrklere kar\u015f\u0131 bir \u00e7ok kitap yaz\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131 sa\u011flad\u0131 ve te\u015fvik etti. 19. Y\u00fczy\u0131lda yaz\u0131lan bu kitaplar hala kaynak olarak kullan\u0131lmaktad\u0131r. G\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fczde T\u00fcrkiye\u2019nin kar\u015f\u0131la\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131 Ermeni sorununun, ger\u00e7ek anlamda uluslararas\u0131 bir sorun haline gelmesi Gladstone ile oldu. Dolay\u0131s\u0131yla gelecekte de devam edecek olan Ermeni sorunundaki en b\u00fcy\u00fck etki onundur. Ayr\u0131ca T\u00fcrklerin Balkanlardan \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131lmalar\u0131, M\u0131s\u0131r\u2019\u0131n i\u015fgali, Eflak ve Bo\u011fdan\u2019\u0131n ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131z olmas\u0131 gibi bir \u00e7ok uluslararas\u0131 olay\u0131n perde arkas\u0131nda o bulunmaktad\u0131r. \u0130\u00e7 politikada Sultan II. Abd\u00fclhamid\u2019in takip etmek zorunda kald\u0131\u011f\u0131 s\u0131k\u0131y\u00f6netim politikas\u0131n\u0131n da m\u00fcsebbibi Gladstone\u2019dur. Bu a\u00e7\u0131lardan bak\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131nda modern T\u00fcrkiye\u2019nin ya\u015fad\u0131\u011f\u0131 sorunlar\u0131n olu\u015fma s\u00fcrecine etki eden en \u00f6nemli \u015fahs\u0131n Gladstone oldu\u011fu g\u00f6r\u00fclmektedir. D\u00f6neminde verdikleri e\u011fitimin kalitesiyle ses getirmi\u015f okullarda e\u011fitim alan Gladstone\u2019un okul hayat\u0131 nas\u0131l ge\u00e7mi\u015fti ve bu zamanlar\u0131n ta o g\u00fcnlerden olu\u015fmaya ba\u015flayan siyasi karakterindeki etkileri nelerdi? Gladstone\u2019un okul hayat\u0131 \u00e7ok ba\u015far\u0131l\u0131 ge\u00e7ti. Liderlik ki\u015fili\u011fi \u00f6zellikle Oxford\u2019da geli\u015fti. Okulda tart\u0131\u015fma topluluklar\u0131 i\u00e7erisinde etkin g\u00f6rev alarak hitabetini ve liderlik \u00f6zelli\u011fini geli\u015ftirdi. \u00d6\u011frencilik y\u0131llar\u0131nda din adam\u0131 olmak istiyordu. Babas\u0131n\u0131n siyaset\u00e7i olmas\u0131 konusundaki isteklerine boyun e\u011ferek siyasete at\u0131ld\u0131. Siyasete at\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131nda din adam\u0131 olma iste\u011fini b\u0131rakmad\u0131. Siyaseti, dine ve dini inanc\u0131na hizmet eder bir notaya getirdi. \u2022Kendisinin M\u00fcsl\u00fcmanl\u0131\u011f\u0131n kar\u015f\u0131s\u0131ndaki b\u00fcy\u00fck bir \u2018Ha\u00e7l\u0131 Sava\u015f\u00e7\u0131s\u0131\u2019 olarak nitelenmesinden yola \u00e7\u0131karak din\u00ee konulardaki hassasiyeti ve d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnceleri hakk\u0131nda neler s\u00f6ylenebilir? Gladstone, dini inanc\u0131n en kat\u0131 \u015fekliyle uyguland\u0131\u011f\u0131 Evanjelik bir aile i\u00e7erisinde yeti\u015fti. Dini rit\u00fcellerini aksatmadan hayat\u0131 boyunca yerine getirdi. \u0130ngiliz kilisesine ba\u011fl\u0131 olmas\u0131na ra\u011fmen, hayat\u0131 boyunca H\u0131ristiyanlar\u0131n b\u00fcy\u00fck bir birlik meydana getirmesi i\u00e7in \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131. H\u0131ristiyanl\u0131\u011f\u0131n d\u00fcnyan\u0131n medenile\u015fmesindeki temel de\u011fer oldu\u011funa inan\u0131yordu. Bu nedenle b\u00fct\u00fcn d\u00fcnyan\u0131n medenile\u015fmesi i\u00e7in H\u0131ristiyanl\u0131\u011f\u0131n d\u00fcnyan\u0131n en \u00fccra b\u00f6lgesine kadar yay\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131 istiyordu. S\u00f6m\u00fcrgecili\u011fi ve k\u00f6lelili\u011fi H\u0131ristiyanl\u0131\u011f\u0131n yay\u0131lmas\u0131na hizmet etti\u011fi i\u00e7in destekliyordu. Her bir politikas\u0131n\u0131n merkezinde mutlaka H\u0131ristiyanl\u0131k bulunuyordu. \u2022Ya\u015fad\u0131\u011f\u0131 d\u00f6nemle k\u0131yasland\u0131\u011f\u0131nda ailesi taraf\u0131ndan ald\u0131\u011f\u0131 din\u00ee e\u011fitim, onun dine ve M\u00fcsl\u00fcmanl\u0131\u011fa bak\u0131\u015f\u0131n\u0131 nas\u0131l etkilemi\u015ftir? Ailesinin vermi\u015f oldu\u011fu din\u00ee e\u011fitim \u00e7ok kat\u0131yd\u0131. Anne ve babas\u0131 din\u00ee rit\u00fcellere \u00e7ok ba\u011fl\u0131lard\u0131. \u00d6zellikle annesinin terbiyesiyle koyu bir Evanjelik H\u0131ristiyan oldu. Evanjelizm, H\u0131ristiyanl\u0131ktaki en kat\u0131 ve tutucu inan\u0131\u015f bi\u00e7imidir. Bu nedenle de, M\u00fcsl\u00fcmanl\u0131\u011fa ayn\u0131 kat\u0131 pencereden bakt\u0131. B\u00fct\u00fcn hayat\u0131n\u0131 H\u0131ristiyanlar\u0131 ve H\u0131ristiyanl\u0131\u011f\u0131n kutsal topraklar\u0131 olarak kabul etti\u011fi b\u00f6lgeleri M\u00fcsl\u00fcmanlar\u0131n elinden kurtarmaya adad\u0131. Bunun i\u00e7in kendisini \u201cHa\u00e7l\u0131 Sava\u015f\u00e7\u0131s\u0131\u201d, \u201cTanr\u0131\u2019n\u0131n Kutsal Sava\u015f\u00e7\u0131s\u0131\u201d gibi tan\u0131mlamalarla vas\u0131fland\u0131rd\u0131.<\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>T\u00fcrkiye\u2019de hakk\u0131nda \u00e7ok az \u015fey bilinen William Ewart Gladstone \u00fczerine yap\u0131lm\u0131\u015f tek ve detayl\u0131 bir ara\u015ft\u0131rma. Gladstone kim derseniz, cevab\u0131 \u00e7ok uzun olacak \u00e7\u00fcnk\u00fc \u0130ngiltere ba\u015fbakan\u0131 olan Gladstone 19. Y\u00fczy\u0131l boyunca Osmanl\u0131\u2019n\u0131n her probleminin arkaplan\u0131na bakt\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131z zaman kar\u015f\u0131n\u0131za \u00e7\u0131kan ya\u015fad\u0131\u011f\u0131 y\u00fczy\u0131l\u0131n en etkili politikac\u0131lar\u0131ndan biri. Avrupa\u2019da, K\u0131r\u0131m\u2019da, Bulgaristan\u2019da, M\u0131s\u0131r\u2019da, S\u00fcvey\u015f Kanal\u0131 projesinde, Ermeni Sorunu\u2019nda hatta &hellip;<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":31,"featured_media":48521,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"om_disable_all_campaigns":false,"_themeisle_gutenberg_block_has_review":false,"_joinchat":[],"footnotes":""},"categories":[40],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-13593","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","","category-kultursanat"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/akincilardergisi.com\/tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/13593","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/akincilardergisi.com\/tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/akincilardergisi.com\/tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/akincilardergisi.com\/tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/31"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/akincilardergisi.com\/tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=13593"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/akincilardergisi.com\/tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/13593\/revisions"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/akincilardergisi.com\/tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/48521"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/akincilardergisi.com\/tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=13593"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/akincilardergisi.com\/tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=13593"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/akincilardergisi.com\/tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=13593"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}